Daily Archives: July 9, 2017

Problem gambling (or ludomania, but usually referred to as "gambling addiction" or "compulsive gambling") is an urge to gamble continuously despite harmful negative consequences or a desire to stop. Problem gambling is often defined by whether harm is experienced by the gambler or others, rather than by the gambler's behaviour. Severe problem gambling may be diagnosed as clinical pathological gambling if the gambler meets certain criteria. Pathological gambling is a common disorder that is associated with both social and family costs.

The DSM-5 has re-classified the condition as an addictive disorder, with sufferers exhibiting many similarities to those who have substance addictions. The term gambling addiction has long been used in the recovery movement.[1] Pathological gambling was long considered by the American Psychiatric Association to be an impulse control disorder rather than an addiction.[2] However, data suggest a closer relationship between pathological gambling and substance use disorders than exists between PG and obsessive-compulsive disorder, largely because the behaviors in problem gambling and most primary substance use disorders (i.e., those not resulting from a desire to "self-medicate" for another condition such as depression) seek to activate the brain's reward mechanisms while the behaviors characterizing obsessive-compulsive disorder are prompted by overactive and misplaced signals from the brain's fear mechanisms.[3]

Research by governments in Australia led to a universal definition for that country which appears to be the only research-based definition not to use diagnostic criteria: "Problem gambling is characterized by many difficulties in limiting money and/or time spent on gambling which leads to adverse consequences for the gambler, others, or for the community."[8] The University of Maryland Medical Center defines pathological gambling as "being unable to resist impulses to gamble, which can lead to severe personal or social consequences".[9]

Most other definitions of problem gambling can usually be simplified to any gambling that causes harm to the gambler or someone else in any way; however, these definitions are usually coupled with descriptions of the type of harm or the use of diagnostic criteria.[citation needed] The DSM-V has since reclassified pathological gambling as "gambling disorder" and has listed the disorder under substance-related and addictive disorders rather than impulse-control disorders. This is due to the symptomatology of the disorder resembling an addiction not dissimilar to that of substance-abuse.[10] There are both environmental and genetic factors that can influence on gambler and cause some type of addiction.[11] In order to be diagnosed, an individual must have at least four of the following symptoms in a 12-month period:[12]

According to the Illinois Institute for Addiction Recovery, evidence indicates that pathological gambling is an addiction similar to chemical addiction.[13] It has been observed that some pathological gamblers have lower levels of norepinephrine than normal gamblers.[14] According to a study conducted by Alec Roy, formerly at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, norepinephrine is secreted under stress, arousal, or thrill, so pathological gamblers gamble to make up for their under-dosage.[15]

According to a report from Harvard Medical School's division on addictions, there was an experiment constructed where test subjects were presented with situations where they could win, lose, or break even in a casino-like environment. Subjects' reactions were measured using fMRI, a neuroimaging technique. And according to Hans Breiter, co-director of the Motivation and Emotion Neuroscience Center at Massachusetts General Hospital, "monetary reward in a gambling-like experiment produces brain activation very similar to that observed in a cocaine addict receiving an infusion of cocaine."[16][17] Studies have compared pathological gamblers to substance addicts, concluding that addicted gamblers display more physical symptoms during withdrawal.[18]

Deficiencies in serotonin might also contribute to compulsive behavior, including a gambling addiction.[19] There are three important points discovered after these antidepressant studies:[20]

A limited study was presented at a conference in Berlin, suggesting opioid release differs in problem gamblers form the general population, but in a very different way from alcoholics or other substance abusers.[21]

The findings in one review indicated the sensitization theory is responsible.[22] Dopamine dysregulation syndrome has been observed in the aforementioned theory in people with regard to such activities as gambling.[23]

Some medical authors suggest that the biomedical model of problem gambling may be unhelpful because it focuses only on individuals. These authors point out that social factors may be a far more important determinant of gambling behaviour than brain chemicals and they suggest that a social model may be more useful in understanding the issue.[24] For example, an apparent increase in problem gambling in the UK may be better understood as a consequence of changes in legislation which came into force in 2007 and enabled casinos, bookmakers, and online betting sites to advertise on TV and radio for the first time and which eased restrictions on the opening of betting shops and online gambling sites.[25]

Pathological gambling is similar to many other impulse control disorders such as kleptomania.[26] According to evidence from both community- and clinic-based studies, individuals who are pathological gamblers are highly likely to exhibit other psychiatric problems concurrently, including substance use disorders, mood and anxiety disorders, or personality disorders.[27]

Pathological gambling shows several similarities with substance abuse. There is a partial overlap in diagnostic criteria; pathological gamblers are also likely to abuse alcohol and other drugs. The "telescoping phenomenon" reflects the rapid development from initial to problematic behavior in women compared with men. This phenomenon was initially described for alcoholism, but it has also been applied to pathological gambling. Also biological data provide a support for a relationship between pathological gambling and substance abuse.[28]

In a 1995 survey of 184 Gamblers Anonymous members in Illinois, Illinois State professor Henry Lesieur found that 56 percent admitted to some illegal act to obtain money to gamble. Fifty-eight percent admitted they wrote bad checks, while 44 percent said they stole or embezzled money from their employer.[29] Compulsive gambling can affect personal relationships. In a 1991 study of relationships of American men, it was found that 10% of compulsive gamblers had been married more than twice. Only 2% of men who did not gamble were married more than twice.[30] According to statistics by the BGM (British Medical Journal), families of problem gamblers are more likely to experience child abuse or other forms of domestic violence.[31] According to John A. Cunningham, Joanne Cordingley, David C. Higgins and Tony Toneatto a survey based In Canada shows that gambling abuse was best seen as a form of "disease or illness" , "wrongdoing", "habit not disease" and an "addiction similar to drug addiction".[32]

A gambler who does not receive treatment for pathological gambling when in his or her desperation phase may contemplate suicide.[33] Problem gambling is often associated with increased suicidal ideation and attempts compared to the general population.[34][35]

Early onset of problem gambling increases the lifetime risk of suicide.[36] However, gambling-related suicide attempts are usually made by older people with problem gambling.[37] Both comorbid substance use[38][39] and comorbid mental disorders increase the risk of suicide in people with problem gambling.[37] A 2010 Australian hospital study found that 17% of suicidal patients admitted to the Alfred Hospital's emergency department were problem gamblers.[40] In the United States, a report by the National Council on Problem Gambling showed approximately one in five pathological gamblers attempt suicide. The council also said that suicide rates among pathological gamblers were higher than any other addictive disorder.[41]

David Phillips, a sociologist from the University of California-San Diego, found "visitors to and residents of gaming communities experience significantly elevated suicide levels". According to him, Las Vegas, the largest gaming market in the United States, "displays the highest levels of suicide in the nation, both for residents of Las Vegas and for visitors to that setting". In Atlantic City, the second-largest gaming market, he found "abnormally high suicide levels for visitors and residents appeared only after gambling casinos were opened".[42]

Several psychological mechanisms are thought to be implicated in the development and maintenance of problem gambling.[43] First, reward processing seems to be less sensitive with problem gamblers. Second, some individuals use problem gambling as an escape from the problems in their lives (an example of negative reinforcement). Third, personality factors play a role, such as narcissism, risk-seeking, sensation-seeking and impulsivity. Fourth, problem gamblers suffer from a number of cognitive biases, including the illusion of control,[44] unrealistic optimism, overcondence and the gambler's fallacy (the incorrect belief that a series of random events tends to self-correct so that the absolute frequencies of each of various outcomes balance each other out). Fifth, problem gamblers represent a chronic state of a behavioral spin process, a gambling spin, as described by the criminal spin theory.[45]

The most common instrument used to screen for "probable pathological gambling" behavior is the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) developed by Lesieur and Blume (1987) at the South Oaks Hospital in New York City.[46] In recent years the use of SOGS has declined due to a number of criticisms, including that it overestimates false positives (Battersby, Tolchard, Thomas & Esterman, 2002).

The DSM-IV diagnostic criteria presented as a checklist is an alternative to SOGS, it focuses on the psychological motivations underpinning problem gambling and was developed by the American Psychiatric Association. It consists of ten diagnostic criteria. One frequently used screening measure based upon the DSM-IV criteria is the National Opinion Research Center DSM Screen for Gambling Problems (NODS). The Canadian Problem Gambling Inventory (CPGI) and the Victorian Gambling Screen (VGS) are newer assessment measures. The Problem Gambling Severity Index, which focuses on the harms associated with problem gambling, is composed of nine items from the longer CPGI.[47] The VGS is also harm based and includes 15 items. The VGS has proven validity and reliability in population studies as well as Adolescents and clinic gamblers.

Most treatment for problem gambling involves counseling, step-based programs, self-help, peer-support, medication, or a combination of these. However, no one treatment is considered to be most efficacious and no medications have been approved for the treatment of pathological gambling by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Only one treatment facility[48] has been given a license to officially treat gambling as an addiction, and that was by the State of Virginia.[49]

Gamblers Anonymous (GA) is a commonly used treatment for gambling problems. Modeled after Alcoholics Anonymous, GA uses a 12-step model that emphasizes a mutual-support approach. There are three in-patient treatment centers in North America.[50] One form of counseling, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has been shown to reduce symptoms and gambling-related urges. This type of therapy focuses on the identification of gambling-related thought processes, mood and cognitive distortions that increase one's vulnerability to out-of-control gambling. Additionally, CBT approaches frequently utilize skill-building techniques geared toward relapse prevention, assertiveness and gambling refusal, problem solving and reinforcement of gambling-inconsistent activities and interests.[51]

As to behavioral treatment, some recent research supports the use of both activity scheduling and desensitization in the treatment of gambling problems.[52] In general, behavior analytic research in this area is growing [53] There is evidence that the SSRI paroxetine is efficacious in the treatment of pathological gambling.[54] Additionally, for patients suffering from both pathological gambling and a comorbid bipolar spectrum condition, sustained release lithium has shown efficacy in a preliminary trial.[55] The opioid antagonist drug nalmefene has also been trialled quite successfully for the treatment of compulsive gambling.[56]

Other step-based programs are specific to gambling and generic to healing addiction, creating financial health, and improving mental wellness. Commercial alternatives that are designed for clinical intervention, using the best of health science and applied education practices, have been used as patient-centered tools for intervention since 2007. They include measured efficacy and resulting recovery metrics.[medical citation needed]

Motivational interviewing is one of the treatments of compulsive gambling. The motivational interviewing's basic goal is promoting readiness to change through thinking and resolving mixed feelings. Avoiding aggressive confrontation, argument, labeling, blaming, and direct persuasion, the interviewer supplies empathy and advice to compulsive gamblers who define their own goal. The focus is on promoting freedom of choice and encouraging confidence in the ability to change.[57]

A growing method of treatment is peer support. With the advancement of online gambling, many gamblers experiencing issues use various online peer-support groups to aid their recovery. This protects their anonymity while allowing them to attempt recovery on their own, often without having to disclose their issues to loved ones.[medical citation needed]

Research into self-help for problem gamblers has shown benefits.[58] A study by Wendy Slutske of the University of Missouri concluded one-third of pathological gamblers overcome it by natural recovery.[59]

According to the Productivity Commission's 2010 final report into gambling, the social cost of problem gambling is close to 4.7 billion dollars a year. Some of the harms resulting from problem gambling include depression, suicide, lower work productivity, job loss, relationship breakdown, crime and bankruptcy.[60] A survey conducted in 2008 found that the most common motivation for fraud was problem gambling, with each incident averaging a loss of $1.1 million.[60] According to Darren R. Christensen. Nicki A. Dowling, Alun C. Jackson and Shane A.Thomas a survey done from 1994-2008 in Tasmania gave results that gambling participation rates have risen rather than fallen over this period.[61]

In Europe, the rate of problem gambling is typically 0.5 to 3 percent.[62] The "British Gambling Prevalence Survey 2007", conducted by the United Kingdom Gambling Commission, found approximately 0.6 percent of the adult population had problem gambling issuesthe same percentage as in 1999.[63] The highest prevalence of problem gambling was found among those who participated in spread betting (14.7%), fixed odds betting terminals (11.2%) and betting exchanges (9.8%).[63] In Norway, a December 2007 study showed the amount of present problem gamblers was 0.7 percent.[64]

In the United States, the percentage of pathological gamblers was 0.6 percent, and the percentage of problem gamblers was 2.3 percent in 2008.[65] Studies commissioned by the National Gambling Impact Study Commission Act has shown the prevalence rate ranges from 0.1 percent to 0.6 percent.[66] Nevada has the highest percentage of pathological gambling; a 2002 report estimated 2.2 to 3.6 percent of Nevada residents over the age of 18 could be called problem gamblers. Also, 2.7 to 4.3 percent could be called probable pathological gamblers.[67]

According to a 1997 meta-analysis by Harvard Medical School's division on addictions, 1.1 percent of the adult population of the United States and Canada could be called pathological gamblers.[68] A 1996 study estimated 1.2 to 1.9 percent of adults in Canada were pathological.[69] In Ontario, a 2006 report showed 2.6 percent of residents experienced "moderate gambling problems" and 0.8 percent had "severe gambling problems".[70] In Quebec, an estimated 0.8 percent of the adult population were pathological gamblers in 2002.[71] Although most who gamble do so without harm, approximately 6 million American adults are addicted to gambling.[72]

Signs of a gambling problem include:[medical citation needed]

Both casinos and poker machines in pubs and clubs facilitate problem gambling in Australia. The building of new hotels and casinos has been described as "one of the most active construction markets in Australia"; for example, AUD$860 million was allocated to rebuild and expand the Star Complex in Sydney.[73]

A 2010 study, conducted in the Northern Territory by researchers from the Australian National University (ANU) and Southern Cross University (SCU), found that the proximity of a person's residence to a gambling venue is significant in terms of prevalence. Harmful gambling in the study was prevalent among those living within 100 metres of any gambling venue, and was over 50% higher than among those living ten kilometres from a venue. The study's data stated:

"Specifically, people who lived 100 metres from their favourite venue visited an estimated average of 3.4 times per month. This compared to an average of 2.8 times per month for people living one kilometre away, and 2.2 times per month for people living ten kilometres away".[74]

According to the Productivity Commission's 2016 report into gambling, 0.5% to 1% (80,000 to 160,000)[75] of the Australian adult population suffered with significant problems resulting from gambling. A further 1.4% to 2.1% (230 000 to 350 000) of the Australian adult population experienced moderate risks making them likely to be vulnerable to problem gambling.[76] Estimates show that problem gamblers account for an average of 41% of the total gaming machine spending.[77]

Link:

Problem gambling - Wikipedia

With a Monday deadline looming, Pennsylvania lawmakers appear to be closing in on an agreement over a gambling expansion package that would help to close the states multi-billion-dollar budget gap. Satellite casinos swapped in for VGTs

According to a report from PennLive, the controversial issue of video gaming terminals (VGTs) is officially off the table.

To fill the revenue hole that the absence of VGTs creates, lawmakers are considering a more focused form of expansion: So-called satellite casinos.

While no official proposals have been released, satellite casinos would likely be:

Per PennLive, the current plan is to authorize up to 10 satellites, with license fees running from $7.5mm to $10mm.

One risk of introducing a new concept at this stage in the game: It may prove difficult to craft an approach that gets a sufficient amount of casino stakeholders on board.

A key issue will revolve around location identifying locations that are both viable but also not a threat to existing operators.

Lawmakers have apparently floated the idea of a 25 mile buffer zone, a concept that was immediately rejected by Penn National.

Given the size of the expansion under consideration and the fact that more than 50 percent of our customers come from beyond a 25-mile radius, this could have a devastating impact on our business, Eric Schippers, senior vice president for public affairs, told PennLive.

Sources close to the situation cautioned that nearly everything remains in flux.

But the emerging consensus around the issue of tax rates for online appears to be in the range of 24 percent to 26 percent for slots, and 16 percent to 20 percent for table games and poker.

Thats a fair bit steeper than New Jerseys 17.5 percent rate, but also a significant drop from the proposed 54 percent rate long championed by powerful interests in the Pennsylvania Senate.

Rates in those ranges would provide the industry with a challenging, but not insurmountable, hurdle to profitability.

Read more about the revenue and tax potential for regulated online gambling in Pennsylvania.

Where we still havent heard firm word is on two other key issues that are understood to be in play:

Deadlines in Pennsylvania are generally treated more figuratively than literally by lawmakers.

With that caveat in place, lawmakers are (at least in concept) facing a Monday deadline to deliver a revenue package to pay for a recently-passed budget.

Per the Associated Press, lawmakers will be heading to work Sunday for public sessions and private negotiations.

Without a published bill, its impossible to say for sure. But other elements currently included in the expansion package are understood to be:

Continue reading here:

Online Gambling Stays In The Picture As Pennsylvania's Expansion Package Comes Into Focus - OnlinePokerReport.com

Arewe really talking about police allegations of players sharing with punters information regarding team changes, and about the NSW Blues staying at The Star casino, as if they are two completely different issues?

We're not suggesting any wrongdoing from the Blues but England's Football Association certainly saw a contradiction between endorsing gambling and simultaneously trying to fight it.

Play Video Don't Play

Play Video Don't Play

Previous slide Next slide

The Eels combine for a superb try against the Storm in Melbourne.

Play Video Don't Play

Some Moses Mbye brilliance helped the Bulldogs snatch victory away from the Knights at Belmore.

Play Video Don't Play

Bulldog Moses Mbye charges down a kick and runs away for the game winning try against the Knights at Belmore.

Play Video Don't Play

Parramatta took another step towards finals football with a convincing win in Melbourne.

Play Video Don't Play

The Panthers caused a boil over when the Sea Eagles travelled out west.

Play Video Don't Play

Dane Gagai believes his Newcastle Knights teammates have been thrown in at the deep end, but insists they are improving as a side.

Play Video Don't Play

The Sydney Roosters have defeated arch rivals the South Sydney Rabbitohs 14-12 at Allianz Stadium to consolidate their spot in the top four.

The Eels combine for a superb try against the Storm in Melbourne.

On June 22, the FA ended all sponsorship with gambling firms, saying: "The decision was made following a three-month review of The FA's approach as a governing body taking betting sponsorship, whilst being responsible for the regulation of sports betting within the sport's rules".

Have cake, eat cake, etc. Of course, people will say straight-laced footballers and money-generating punters can be kept at arm's length. Then the same people book a State of Origin team into a casino.

What an added bonus it would be to your night out on the roulette tables at Pyrmont if you saw a star player hobbling off to hospital and were able to get on the Maroons right there and then! NSW are at Kingscliff this week.

Pie (Eater) in the sky

Set of Six is proud of its mantle as rugby league's leading (along with Discord) pie-in-the-sky column.

Get the latest news and updates emailed straight to your inbox.

So how about this levitating pastry: if we're going to let Origin completely overshadow every other form of rugby league for two months each year, can't we at least leverage thatbrand to do more than fill the NRL's coffers? Like, can interstate football support the expansion of ... interstate football?Can't a fraction of the squillions the series makes be spent on a second-tier Origin for the other states?

Surely putting Brenton Lawrence in a South Australian shirt alongside local amateurs is a more cost-effective way of promoting the sport there than reviving the Adelaide Rams.

Likewise, when Will Chambers' Queensland career is over, wouldn't it be nice to see him play for Northern Territory once or twice? Oh that's right, rugby league fans don't care about the other states.

Meanwhile, the other codes' fans are FROM those states. One reader suggested that the Affiliated States team to play England before the World Cup should be bolstered by NRL stars great idea!

Chambers Will stay

Queenslandcoach Kevin Walters has ruled out a switch of sides of the field for centre Will Chambers as has been widely mooted for Origin III at Suncorp next Wednesday. "No unless there is an injury in the game," Walters told Triple M over the weekend. "We thought Will did a good job on Jarryd Hayne[in game two] and Darius Boyd did an equally terrific job on Josh Dugan. So Michael [Morgan]will be the left centre and Will Chambers will start for us on the right-hand side."

Walters said the Maroons believed halfback Cooper Cronk would play on next year. "He's been very coy about his future," Walters said. "There might be announcement after the game."

Das Bunnings

We've been critical of the NRL for failing to look over the back fence in the past so credit where it's due: the rest of this season's games will be shown for free online in every country that does not have a rights deal. Hong Kong-based company rugbypass.com will provide the service and of course in future years they have the option of charging.

Commentators beware: everything that is said during the breaks is broadcast on the website. On Friday night we heard Ray 'Rabbits' Warren welcome a guest called Tanika into the box, make reference to his grandson and checked that Goulburn was still in group eight. The same goes for Nine games on Fox Soccer in the United States. However, for Fox games the Australian commercials are broadcast in these regions. One can only wonder what Ukranians make of Bunnings Warehouse.

Cause of concern

Whingeingabout referees is almost compulsory in rugby league but there were a couple of genuinely concerning incidents over the weekend. One was Robbie Farah passing the ball into an off-side player on Friday night and there being no penalty; when the same thing happened on Saturday at Pepper Stadium, the whistle was blown.

Then there was George Burgess' laughable play-the-ball at Allianz Stadium, facing Bondi Beach.Bill Harrigan, recognised as the game's greatest referee, earlier this year on radio called for NRL head of match officials Tony Archer to resign and repeated the call recently in London, where he is doing Oztag coaching and promotion.

Humanise referees

Havingsaid all that, it was refreshing to see features on referees in English newspapers during the past couple of weeks. How much do you actually know about Gavin Badger or Henry Perenara? Are their career milestones properly recognised? Perhaps if you had some insight into who they are as people, you'd be less inclined to blame them for your team's ineptitude.

Referees don't do interviews and NRL media accreditation expressly forbids reporters from approaching them. Speaking at a function in London, Harrigan said: "MattyCecchin, yes he's doing grand finals. He's done State of Origin. But does he have something else that makes him stand out from other referees? It seems referees now are like they want them to be: seen and not heard." You might think it's a good thing there'll never be another Bill Harrigan. I'm not so sure.

Read this article:

Rugby league's ridiculous mixed messages on gambling - The Sydney Morning Herald