{"id":67660,"date":"2016-03-30T17:45:24","date_gmt":"2016-03-30T21:45:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.euvolution.com\/prometheism-transhumanism-posthumanism\/international-space-station-iss-britannica-com\/"},"modified":"2016-03-30T17:45:24","modified_gmt":"2016-03-30T21:45:24","slug":"international-space-station-iss-britannica-com","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.euvolution.com\/prometheism-transhumanism-posthumanism\/transhuman-news-blog\/space-station\/international-space-station-iss-britannica-com\/","title":{"rendered":"International Space Station (ISS) &#8211; Britannica.com"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><p>STS-88        (Endeavour)\/International Space Station (ISS)                    U.S.                    Robert Cabana; Frederick Sturckow; Jerry Ross; Nancy Currie; James        Newman; Sergey Krikalyov                    December 415, 1998                    linked first two modules of ISS (Zarya [Russia] and Unity        [U.S.])                                                        STS-96 (Discovery)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Kent Rominger; Rick Husband;        Tamara Jernigan; Ellen Ochoa; Daniel Barry; Julie        Payette; Valery Tokarev                    May 27June 6, 1999                    carried supplies to ISS                                                        STS-101 (Atlantis)\/ISS                    U.S.                    James Halsell; Scott Horowitz; Mary        Weber; Jeffrey Williams;        James Voss; Susan Helms; Yuri Usachyov                    May 1929, 2000                    ISS outfitting and repair                                                        STS-106 (Atlantis)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Terrence Wilcutt; Scott Altman; Edward        Lu; Richard Mastracchio;        Daniel Burbank; Yury Malenchenko; Boris        Morukov                    September 820, 2000                    completed docking of Russian-built Zvezda module to ISS                                                        STS-92 (Discovery)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Brian Duffy; Pamela Melroy; Leroy        Chiao; William McArthur;        Peter Wisoff; Michael Lopez-Alegria; Wakata Koichi                    October 1124, 2000                    delivered Z1 truss to ISS                                                        Soyuz TM-31\/ISS                    Russia                    Yuri Gidzenko; William Shepherd; Sergey Krikalyov                    October 31, 2000        March 21, 2001                    first ISS crew (Expedition 1)                                                        STS-97 (Endeavour)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Brent Jett; Michael Bloomfield; Joseph Tanner; Marc Garneau; Carlos Noriega                    November 30        December 11, 2000                    mounted solar arrays on Z1 truss                                                        STS-98 (Atlantis)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Kenneth Cockrell; Mark Polansky; Robert        Curbeam; Marsha Ivins;        Thomas Jones                    February 720, 2001                    addition of U.S.-built Destiny laboratory module to ISS                                                        STS-102 (Discovery)\/ISS                    U.S.                    James Wetherbee; James Kelly; Andrew        Thomas; James Voss;        Susan Helms; Yuri Usachyov                    March 821, 2001        (August 22 [Voss, Helms, Usachyov])                    delivery of Expedition 2 crew (Usachyov, Voss, Helms) and        ESA-built logistics module Leonardo to ISS                                                        STS-100 (Endeavour)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Kent Rominger; Jeffrey Ashby; Chris        Hadfield; John Phillips;        Scott Parazynski; Umberto Guidoni; Yuri        Lonchakov                    April 19May 1, 2001                    added Canadian robotic arm Canadarm2 to ISS                                  Soyuz TM-32\/ISS                    Russia                    Talgat Musabayev; Yury Baturin; Dennis Tito                    April 28May 6, 2001                    first space tourist (Tito)                                                        STS-104 (Atlantis)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Steven Lindsey; Charles Hobaugh; Michael        Gernhardt; Janet Kavandi;        James Reilly                    July 1224, 2001                    addition of U.S.-built Quest air lock to ISS                                                        STS-105 (Discovery)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Scott Horowitz; Frederick Sturckow; Patrick Forrester; Thomas Barry; Frank        Culbertson; Mikhail        Tyurin; Vladimir Dezhurov                    August 1022, 2001 (December 17 [Culbertson, Tyurin,        Dezhurov])                    delivery of Expedition 3 crew (Culbertson, Tyurin,        Dezhurov) and ESA-built logistics module Leonardo to ISS                                                        Soyuz TM-33\/ISS                    Russia                    Viktor Afanasiyev; Claudie Haigner;        Konstantin Kozeyev                    October 2131, 2001                    exchange of Soyuz return craft for ISS crew                                                        STS-108 (Endeavour)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Dominic Gorie; Mark Kelly; Linda Godwin; Daniel        Tani; Yury Onufriyenko;        Daniel Bursch; Carl Walz                    December 517, 2001        (June 15, 2002 [Onufriyenko, Bursch, Walz])                    delivery of Expedition 4 crew (Onufriyenko, Bursch, Walz)        and ESA-built logistics module Raffaello to ISS                                                        STS-110 (Atlantis)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Michael Bloomfield; Stephen Frick; Rex        Walheim; Ellen Ochoa; Lee Morin; Jerry Ross; Steven Smith                    April 819, 2002                    delivered S0 truss to ISS                                                        Soyuz TM-34\/ISS                    Russia                    Yury Gidzenko; Roberto Vittori; Mark Shuttleworth                    April 25May 5, 2002                    first South African in space (Shuttleworth)                                                        STS-111 (Endeavour)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Kenneth Cockrell; Paul Lockhart; Philippe        Perrin; Franklin Chang-Diaz;        Peggy Whitson; Valery Korzun; Sergey        Treschyov                    June 519, 2002        (December 7 [Whitson, Korzun, Treschyov])                    delivered Expedition 5 crew (Whitson, Korzun, Treschyov)        and equipment to ISS                                                        STS-112 (Atlantis)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Jeffrey Ashby; Pamela Melroy; David        Wolf; Sandra Magnus;        Piers Sellers; Fyodor Yurchikhin                    October 718, 2002                    delivered S1 truss to ISS                                                        Soyuz TMA-1\/ISS                    Russia                    Sergei Zalyotin; Frank De Winne; Yury        Lonchakov                    October 30        November 10, 2002                    exchange of Soyuz return craft for ISS crew                                                        STS-113 (Endeavour)\/ISS                    U.S.                    James Wetherbee; Paul Lockhart; Michael        Lopez-Alegria; John        Herrington; Kenneth        Bowersox; Nikolay        Budarin; Donald Pettit                    November 23        December 7, 2002        (May 4, 2003 [Bowersox, Budarin, Pettit])                    delivered Expedition 6 crew (Bowersox, Budarin, Pettit) and        P1 truss to ISS                                                        Soyuz TMA-2\/ISS                    Russia                    Yury Malchenko; Edward Lu                    April 26October 28, 2003                    Expedition 7 crew to ISS                                                        Soyuz TMA-3\/ISS                    Russia                    Aleksandr Kaleri; Pedro Duque; Michael Foale                    October 18, 2003        April 30, 2004        (October 28 [Duque])                    Expedition 8 crew (Kaleri, Foale) to ISS                                                        Soyuz TMA-4\/ISS                    Russia                    Gennadi Padalka; Andr Kuipers; Michael        Fincke                    April 19October 24, 2004 (April 30 [Kuipers])                    Expedition 9 crew (Padalka, Fincke) to ISS                                                        Soyuz TMA-5\/ISS                    Russia                    Salizhan Sharipov; Leroy Chiao; Yury        Shargin                    October 14, 2004        April 24, 2005        (October 24 [Shargin])                    Expedition 10 crew (Sharipov, Chiao) to ISS                                                        Soyuz TMA-6\/ISS                    Russia                    Sergey Krikalyov;        Roberto Vittori; John Phillips                    April 15October 11, 2005 (October 24 [Vittori])                    Expedition 11 crew (Krikalyov, Phillips) to ISS                                                        STS-114 (Discovery)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Eileen Collins; James Kelly; Soichi        Noguchi; Stephen        Robinson; Andrew Thomas;        Wendy Lawrence; Charles Camarda                    July 26August 9, 2005                    first space shuttle flight after Columbia disaster                                                        Soyuz TMA-7\/ISS                    Russia                    Valery Tokarev; William McArthur; Gregory Olsen                    October 1, 2005        April 8, 2006        (October 11 [Olsen])                    Expedition 12 crew (McArthur, Tokarev) to ISS                                                        Soyuz TMA-8\/ISS                    Russia                    Pavel Vinogradov; Jeffrey Williams; Marcos Pontes                    March 30        September 29, 2006        (April 8 [Pontes])                    Expedition 13 crew (Vinogradov, Williams) to ISS;        first Brazilian astronaut        (Pontes)                                                        STS-121 (Discovery)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Steven Lindsey; Mark Kelly; Michael Fossum; Lisa        Nowak; Piers Sellers;        Stephanie Wilson; Thomas Reiter                    July 417, 2006        (December 22 [Reiter])                    increased ISS crew from two to three (Reiter)                                                        STS-115 (Atlantis)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Brent Jett; Christopher Ferguson; Joseph Tanner; Daniel        Burbank; Heidimarie        Stefanyshyn-Piper; Steven        MacLean                    September 921, 2006                    attached solar array to ISS                                                        Soyuz TMA-9\/ISS                    Russia                    Mikhail Tyurin; Michael Lopez-Alegria; Anousheh Ansari                    September 18, 2006        April 21, 2007        (September 29 [Ansari])                    Expedition 14 crew (Lopez-Alegria, Tyurin) to ISS                                                        STS-116 (Discovery)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Mark Polansky; William Oefelein; Nicholas Patrick; Robert        Curbeam; Christer Fuglesang;        Joan Higginbotham; Sunita Williams                    December 922, 2006        (June 22, 2007 [Williams])                    connected new solar array to ISS electric system; first        Swedish astronaut (Fuglesang); longest spaceflight by a        woman (Williams; 194 days, 18 hours)                                                        Soyuz TMA-10\/ISS                    Russia                    Oleg Kotov; Fyodor Yurchikhin; Charles Simonyi                    April 7October 21, 2007 (April 21 [Simonyi])                    Expedition 15 crew (Kotov, Yurchikhin) to ISS                                                        STS-117 (Atlantis)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Frederick Sturckow; Lee Archambault; Patrick        Forrester; Steven        Swanson; John Olivas;        James Reilly; Clayton Anderson                    June 822, 2007        (November 7 [Anderson])                    delivered S3\/S4 truss to ISS                                                        STS-118 (Endeavour)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Scott Kelly; Charles Hobaugh; Tracy        Caldwell; Richard        Mastracchio; Dafydd        Williams; Barbara Morgan; Benjamin Drew                    August 821, 2007                    delivered S5 truss                                                        Soyuz TMA-11\/ISS                    Russia                    Yury Malenchenko; Peggy Whitson;        Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor                    October 10, 2007        April 19, 2008        (October 21 [Sheikh])                    Expedition 16 crew (Whitson, Malenchenko) to ISS; first        Malaysian astronaut (Sheikh)                                                        STS-120 (Discovery)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Pamela Melroy; George Zamka; Scott        Parazynski; Stephanie        Wilson; Douglas Wheelock;        Paolo Nespoli; Daniel Tani                    October 23        November 7, 2007        (February 20, 2008 [Tani])                    added Harmony node to ISS                                                        STS-122 (Atlantis)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Stephen Frick; Alan Poindexter; Stanley        Love; Leland Melvin;        Rex Walheim; Hans Schlegel; Leopold        Eyharts                    February 720, 2008        (March 26 [Eyharts])                    added ESA Columbus laboratory module to ISS                                                        STS-123 (Endeavour)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Dominic Gorie; Gregory Johnson; Robert        Behnkne; Michael Foreman;        Doi Takao; Richard Linnehan; Garrett Reisman                    March 1126, 2008        (June 14 [Reisman])                    added Canadian robot Dextre to ISS                                                        Soyuz TMA-12\/ISS                    Russia                    Sergey Volkov; Oleg Kononenko; Yi So-Yeon                    April 8October 24, 2008        (April 19 [Yi])                    Expedition 17 crew (Volkov, Kononenko) to ISS; first        second-generation cosmonaut (Volkov); first Korean        astronaut (Yi)                                                        STS-124 (Discovery)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Mark Kelly; Kenneth Ham; Karen        Nyberg; Ronald Garan;        Michael Fossum; Hoshide Akihiko; Gregory        Chamitoff                    May 31June 14, 2008 (November 30 [Chamitoff])                    added Japanese Kibo laboratory module to ISS                                                        Soyuz TMA-13\/ISS                    Russia                    Yuri Lonchakov; Michael Fincke; Richard Garriott                    October 12, 2008        April 8, 2009        (October 24, 2008 [Garriott])                    Expedition 18 crew (Fincke, Lonchakov) to ISS; first        second-generation American astronaut (Garriott)                                                        STS-126 (Endeavour)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Christopher Ferguson;        Eric Boe; Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper; Donald Pettit; Stephen        Bowen; Robert Kimbrough;        Sandra Magnus                    November 1430, 2008        (March 28, 2009 [Magnus])                    delivered equipment that would allow a six-person crew on        the ISS                                                        STS-119 (Discovery)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Lee Archambault; Dominic Antonelli; John        Phillips; Steven Swanson;        Joseph Acaba; Richard Arnold; Wakata        Koichi                    March 1528, 2009        (July 31 [Wakata])                    added final solar array to ISS                                                        Soyuz TMA-14\/ISS                    Russia                    Gennadi Padalka; Michael Barratt; Charles Simonyi                    March 26October 11, 2009 (April 8 [Simonyi])                    Expeditions 19 and 20 crew (Padalka, Barratt); first repeat        space tourist (Simonyi)                                                        Soyuz TMA-15\/ISS                    Russia                    Roman Romanenko; Frank De Winne; Robert Thirsk                    May 27December 1, 2009                    Expeditions 20 and 21 crew; brought ISS to full crew of six                                                        STS-127 (Endeavour)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Mark Polansky; Douglas Hurley; David        Wolf; Julie Payette; Christopher Cassidy; Thomas Marshburn; Timothy Kopra                    July 1531, 2009        (September 11 [Kopra])                    added facility exposed to space to the Japanese Kibo        laboratory module                                                        STS-128 (Discovery)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Frederick Sturckow; Kevin Ford; Patrick        Forrester; John Olivas;        Jose Hernandez; Christer Fuglesang;        Nicole Stott                    August 29        September 11, 2009        (November 27 [Stott])                    delivery of ESA-built logistics module Leonardo to ISS                                                        Soyuz TMA-16\/ISS                    Russia                    Maksim Suryaev; Jeffrey Williams; Guy Lalibert                    September 29, 2009        March 18, 2010        (October 11, 2009 [Lalibert])                    Expeditions 21 and 22 crew (Suryaev, Williams)                                                        STS-129 (Atlantis)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Charles Hobaugh; Barry Wilmore; Michael        Foreman; Robert Satcher;        Randolph Bresnik; Leland Melvin                    November 1627, 2009                    delivery of spare parts to ISS                                  Soyuz TMA-17\/ISS                    Russia                    Oleg Kotov; Noguchi Soichi; Timothy        Creamer                    December 21, 2009        June 2, 2010                    Expeditions 22 and 23 crew                                                        STS-130 (Endeavour)\/ISS                    U.S.                    George Zamka; Terry Virts; Kathryn        Hire; Stephen Robinson;        Robert Behnken; Nicholas Patrick                    February 821, 2010                    installed Tranquility node on ISS                                                        Soyuz TMA-18\/ISS                    Russia                    Aleksandr Skvortsov;        Mikhail Korniyenko; Tracy Caldwell-Dyson                    April 4September 25, 2010                    Expeditions 23 and 24 crew                                                        STS-131        (Discovery)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Alan Poindexter; James Dutton, Jr.; Dorothy Metcalf- Lindenburger;        Stephanie Wilson; Richard Mastracchio; Yamazaki Naoko; Clayton        Anderson                    April 520, 2010                    delivery of ESA-built logistics module Leonardo to ISS                                                        STS-132        (Atlantis)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Kenneth Ham; Dominic Antonelli; Michael Good;        Piers Sellers; Stephen Bowen; Garrett        Reisman                    May 1426, 2010                    delivery of Russian-built Mini Research Module to ISS                                                        Soyuz TMA-19\/ISS                    Russia                    Fyodor Yurchikhin; Shannon Walker; Douglas        Wheelock                    June 16November 26, 2010                    Expeditions 24 and 25 crew                                  Soyuz TMA-01M\/ISS                    Russia                    Aleksandr Kaleri; Oleg Skripochka; Scott Kelly                    October 8, 2010        March 16, 2011                    Expeditions 25 and 26 crew                                  Soyuz TMA-20\/ISS                    Russia                    Dmitry Kondratyev; Paolo Nespoli; Catherine        Coleman                    December 15, 2010        May 24, 2011                    Expeditions 26 and 27 crew                                  STS-133        (Discovery)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Steven Lindsey; Eric Boe; Benjamin        Drew;        Michael Barratt; Stephen Bowen; Nicole        Stott                    February 24March 9, 2011                    delivery of robot Robonaut 2 and ESA-built Permanent        Multipurpose Module to ISS; last flight of        Discovery; first astronaut on consecutive shuttle        flights (Bowen)                                  Soyuz TMA-21\/ISS                    Russia                    Aleksandr Samokutyayev;        Andrei Borisenko; Ronald Garan                    April 5September 16, 2011                    Expeditions 27 and 28 crew                                  STS-134        (Endeavour)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Mark Kelly; Gregory Johnson; Michael        Fincke;        Gregory Chamitoff; Andrew Feustel; Roberto        Vittori                    May 16June 1, 2011                    delivery of Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer to ISS; last flight        of Endeavour                                                        Soyuz TMA-02M\/ISS                    Russia                    Sergey Volkov; Furukawa Satoshi; Michael Fossum                    June 7November 22, 2011                    Expeditions 28 and 29 crew                                  STS-135        (Atlantis)\/ISS                    U.S.                    Christopher Ferguson;        Douglas Hurley; Sandra Magnus;        Rex Walheim                    July 821, 2011                    delivery of ESA-built Permanent Multipurpose Module to ISS;        last flight of Atlantis; last space shuttle flight                                  Soyuz        TMA-22\/ISS                    Russia                    Anton Shkaplerov; Anatoly Ivanishin; Daniel Burbank                    November 11, 2011        April 27, 2012                    Expeditions 29 and 30 crew                                  Soyuz        TMA-03M\/ISS                    Russia                    Oleg Kononenko; Andr Kuipers; Donald        Pettit                    December 21, 2011        July 1, 2012                    Expeditions 30 and 31 crew                                  Soyuz        TMA-04M\/ISS                    Russia                    Gennady Padalka; Sergey Revin; Joseph        Acaba                    May 15September 17, 2012                    Expeditions 31 and 32 crew                                  Soyuz        TMA-05M\/ISS                    Russia                    Yury Malenchenko; Sunita Williams;        Hoshide Akihiko                    July 15November 19, 2012                    Expeditions 32 and 33 crew                                  Soyuz        TMA-06M\/ISS                    Russia                    Oleg Novitsky; Yevgeny Tarelkin; Kevin        Ford                    October 23, 2012        March 16, 2013                    Expeditions 33 and 34 crew                                  Soyuz        TMA-07M\/ISS                    Russia                    Roman Romanenko; Chris Hadfield; Thomas        Marshburn                    December 19, 2012        May 14, 2013                    Expeditions 34 and 35 crew                                  Soyuz        TMA-08M\/ISS                    Russia                    Pavel Vinogradov; Aleksandr Misurkin; Christopher Cassidy                    March 28September 11, 2013                    Expeditions 35 and 36 crew                                  Soyuz        TMA-09M\/ISS                    Russia                    Fyodor Yurchikhin; Luca Parmitano; Karen        Nyberg                    May 28November 11, 2013                    Expeditions 36 and 37 crew                                  Soyuz        TMA-10M\/ISS                    Russia                    Oleg Kotov; Sergey Ryazansky; Michael Hopkins                    September 25, 2013 March 11,        2014                    Expeditions 37 and 38 crew                                  Soyuz        TMA-11M\/ISS                    Russia                    Mikhail Tyurin; Richard Mastracchio; Wakata Koichi                    November 7, 2013 May 14, 2014                    Expeditions 38 and 39 crew                                  Soyuz        TMA-12M\/ISS                    Russia                    Aleksandr Skvortsov;        Oleg Artemyev; Steven Swanson                    March 25, 2014                    Expeditions 39 and 40 crew                                  Soyuz        TMA-13M\/ISS                    Russia                    Maksim Surayev; Gregory Wiseman; Alexander Gerst                    May 28, 2014                    Expeditions 40 and 41 crew<\/p>\n<p><!-- Auto Generated --><\/p>\n<p>Excerpt from:<br \/>\n<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/International-Space-Station\" title=\"International Space Station (ISS) - Britannica.com\">International Space Station (ISS) - Britannica.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p> STS-88 (Endeavour)\/International Space Station (ISS) U.S. Robert Cabana; Frederick Sturckow; Jerry Ross; Nancy Currie; James Newman; Sergey Krikalyov December 415, 1998 linked first two modules of ISS (Zarya [Russia] and Unity [U.S.]) STS-96 (Discovery)\/ISS U.S.  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.euvolution.com\/prometheism-transhumanism-posthumanism\/transhuman-news-blog\/space-station\/international-space-station-iss-britannica-com\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-67660","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-space-station"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.euvolution.com\/prometheism-transhumanism-posthumanism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67660"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.euvolution.com\/prometheism-transhumanism-posthumanism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.euvolution.com\/prometheism-transhumanism-posthumanism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.euvolution.com\/prometheism-transhumanism-posthumanism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.euvolution.com\/prometheism-transhumanism-posthumanism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=67660"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.euvolution.com\/prometheism-transhumanism-posthumanism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67660\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.euvolution.com\/prometheism-transhumanism-posthumanism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=67660"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.euvolution.com\/prometheism-transhumanism-posthumanism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=67660"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.euvolution.com\/prometheism-transhumanism-posthumanism\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=67660"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}