It's not just great minds that think alike. Dozens of the genes involved in the vocal learning that underpins human speech are also active in some songbirds. And knowing this suggests that birds could become a standard model for investigating the genetics of speech production and speech disorders. <\/p>\n
Complex language is a uniquely human trait, but vocal learning the ability to pick up new sounds by imitating others is not. Some mammals, including whales, dolphins and elephants, share our ability to learn new vocalisations. So do three groups of birds: the songbirds, parrots and hummingbirds. <\/p>\n
The similarities between vocal learning in humans and birds are not just superficial. We know, for instance, that songbirds have specialised vocal learning brain circuits that are similar to those that mediate human speech. <\/p>\n
What's more, a decade ago we learned that FOXP2, a gene known to be involved in human language, is also active in \"area X\" of the songbird brain one of the brain regions involved in those specialised vocal learning circuits. <\/p>\n
Andreas Pfenning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his colleagues have now built on these discoveries. They compared maps of genetic activity transcriptomes in brain tissue taken from the zebra finch, budgerigar and Anna's hummingbird, representing the three groups of vocal-learning birds. <\/p>\n
They then compared these genetic maps with others taken from birds and primates that can't learn new vocalisations, and with maps taken from the brains of six people who donated tissue to the Allen Brain Institute in Seattle. <\/p>\n
Their results showed that FOXP2 is just one of 55 genes that show a similar pattern of activity in the brains of humans and the vocal-learning birds. Those same genes show different patterns of activity in the brains of animals incapable of vocal learning. <\/p>\n
\"The similarities are beyond one or a handful of genes,\" says Pfenning. \"There are just systematic molecular similarities between song-learning birds and humans.\" <\/p>\n
The findings suggest that songbirds might make ideal animal models for studying the genetics of speech production. <\/p>\n
\"There's potential for songbirds to be used to study neurodegeneration especially conditions like Huntington's,\" says Pfenning. Huntington's disease affects the ability to produce complex motor behaviour, such as singing and talking, so experiments with birds might implicate particular genes in the disease. <\/p>\n
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