Its the holy grail for biofuel developers hoping to coax energy out of algae: Keep the organism fat enough to produce oil but spry enough to grow quickly. <\/p>\n
J. Craig Venter, the scientist who mapped the human genome, just helped Exxon Mobil Corp. strike that balance, with a breakthrough that could enable widespread commercialization of algae-based biofuels. <\/p>\n
Exxon and Venters Synthetic Genomics Inc. announced the development at a conference in San Diego last Monday. <\/p>\n
They used advanced cell engineering to more than double the fatty lipids insidea strain of algae. The technique may be replicated to boost numbers on other species, too. <\/p>\n
Tackling the inner workings of algae cells has not been trivial, Venter said. Nobodys really ever been there before; theres no guideline to go by. <\/p>\n
Venter, who cofounded Synthetic Genomics and sequenced the human genome in the 1990s, added thedevelopment is a significant advancement in the quest to make algae a renewable-energy source.The discovery is being published in the July issue of the journal Nature Biotechnology. <\/p>\n
Its taken eight years of what Venter called tedious research to reach this point. <\/p>\n
When ExxonMobil announced its $600-million collaboration with Synthetic Genomics in 2009, the oil company predicted it might yield algae-based biofuels within a decade. Four years later, Exxon executives conceded a better estimate might be within a generation. <\/p>\n
Developing strains that reproduce and generate enough of the raw material to supply a refinery meant the venture might not succeed for at least another 25 years, former chief executive and current US Secretary of State Rex Tillerson said at the time. <\/p>\n
Even with this newest discovery, commercialization of this kind of modified algae is decades away. <\/p>\n
Venter said the effort has been a real slog. <\/p>\n
Its to the teams creditits to Exxons creditthat they believed the steps in the learning were actually leading some place, he said. And they have. <\/p>\n
The companies forged onrenewing their joint research agreement in January amid promising laboratory results. <\/p>\n
Exxon declined to disclose how much the Irving, Texas-based company has invested in the endeavor so far. Vijay Swarup, a vice president at Exxon Mobil Research and Engineering Co., said the collaboration is part of the companys broad pursuit of more efficient ways to produce the energy and chemicals the world needs and mitigate the impacts of climate change. <\/p>\n
Carbon consumer <\/p>\n
Where Exxons chief productsoil and natural gasgenerate carbon-dioxide emissions that drive the phenomenon, algae is a CO2 consumer, Swarup said. <\/p>\n
Most renewable fuels today are made from plant material, including corn, corn waste and soybean oil. <\/p>\n
Algae has long been considered a potentially more sustainable option; unlike those traditional biofuels, it can grow in salt water and thrive under harsh environmental conditions.And the oil contained in algae potentially could be processed in conventional refineries. <\/p>\n
The Exxon and Synthetic Genomics team found a way to regulate the expression of genes controlling the accumulation of lipids, or fats, in the algaeand then use it to double the strains lipid productivity while retaining its ability to grow. <\/p>\n
To my knowledge, no other group has achieved this level of lipid production by modifying algae, and theres no algae in production that has anything like this level, Venter said in a telephone interview. Its our first super-strong indication that there is a path to getting to where we need to go. <\/p>\n
Nitrogen starved <\/p>\n
They searched for the needed genetic regulators after observing what happened when cells were starved of nitrogena tactic that generally drives more oil accumulation. Using the CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technique, the researchers were able to winnow a list of about 20 candidates to a single regulatorthey call it ZnCysand then to modulate its expression. <\/p>\n
Test strains were grown under conditions mimicking an average spring day in southern California. <\/p>\n
Rob Brown, PhD, senior director of genome engineering at Synthetic Genomics, likened the tactic to forcing an agile algae athlete to sit on the bench. <\/p>\n
We basically take an athlete and make them sit on a couch and get fat, Brown said. Thats the switchyou grab this guy off the track and you put him on a couch and he turns into a couch potato. So everything he had in his body that was muscle, sinew, carbohydrateswe basically turn that into a butterball. Thats what were basically doing with this system. <\/p>\n
Without the change, most algae growing in this environment would produce about 10 percent to 15 percent oil. The Exxon and Synthetic Genomics collaboration yielded a strain with more than 40 percent. <\/p>\n
Venter, who is also working on human longevity research, views the development as a significant step toward the sustainable energy he believes humans need as they live longer, healthier lives. The study also is proof, he said, that persistence pays. <\/p>\n
You have to believe in what youre doing and that where youre headed really is the right direction, he added, and sometimes, like this, it takes a long time to really prove it. <\/p>\n
Image Credits: Bloomberg <\/p>\n
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\nFatty algae is biofuel breakthrough for Exxon - Business Mirror<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"