On May 6, at the 143rd Kentucky Derby, 20 thoroughbred horses will gallop along a 1.25-mile stretch. Even the slowest racer should cross the finish line in abouttwo minutes. The thoroughbreds are not onlyquicker than ancient wild horses, they are also remarkably different from the domesticated animals that nomads rode across the Asian steppe just2,300 years ago. <\/p>\n
At some point in the pasttwo millennia peanuts on an evolutionary time scale humans transformed their horsesinto equinespeed demons. Selective breedinghad a price, though, beyond $30,000 vials of pedigreed racehorse sperm. Unhelpful mutationsplagued the animals. The current population of domesticated horses is about 55 million, but at some point in their history, their genetic diversity crashed. The Y chromosomes ofall the world's stallions are now quite similar, suggesting that only a relatively few males were the ancestors of today's horses. <\/p>\n
[Why these researchers think humans came to North America 130,000 years ago] <\/p>\n
Humans have not always bred so selectively, according to a study published in the journal Science on Thursday. Horse domestication began about 5,500 years ago. Ancient equestrians were not interested in superfast animals. They were more interested in diversity and potential, saidLudovic Orlando, a professor of molecular archaeology at the University of Copenhagen'sNatural History Museum of Denmark and an author of the new study. <\/p>\n
Orlando and his colleagues sequenced the genomes of 14 ancient horses: one 4,100-year-old mare and 13 stallions, whichdated back 2,700 to 2,300 years. The stallions, ridden by the nomadic Scythians, had genes linked to an array of coat colors and traits associated with endurance or sprinting, as well as many diverse Y chromosomes. <\/p>\n
Orlando and his colleagues chose to sequence Scythian stallionsfor several reasons: The animals livedabout halfway through the 5,500-year timeline of horse domestication. The horses also offered a ready supply of genetic material. To honor their royalty, Scythians sacrificed animals from many different tribes and buried the remains in underground chambers in what is now Kazakhstan. <\/p>\n
Kazakhstan's permafrost kept ancient DNA fresh. Its like we had a natural freezer waiting for us for 2,300 years, Orlando said. In places, the scientists dug up not just tooth and bone material buthairs. Some horse skulls still wore the decorationstheir owners had created millennia ago. <\/p>\n
Scythians had a reputation as bloodthirsty warriors literally. The Greek historian Herodotus wrotethat the Scythian soldier drinks the blood of the first man he overthrows in battle out of a cup made from a humanskull. But skullmugs or no, they were excellent horsemen.They mastered the horse like no others before them, Orlando said. <\/p>\n
(The Scythians probably also drank horse milk. DNA analysis of the frozen stallions suggestedthat the Scythians bred some horses for enlarged mammary glands.) <\/p>\n
[For some failed racehorses, theres another course to pursue] <\/p>\n
Some, but not all, of their horses carried genetic variants seen in today's sprinting horses. Asingle gene mutationcan dictatea horse'sgait how motor neurons connect to muscle tissues allows an animal to amble. Ambling gaits have a four-step pattern, bringing the legs of the same side together for a smoother ride. The scientists could test whether Scythianscared about breeding for a more comfortable ride: The nomads did not. <\/p>\n
Among the sacrificed were horses with bay, spotted,chestnut, black and cream-colored coats. The variety of coat colors still found in Kazakhstan today supported what is known as the neural crest hypothesis, Orlando said. <\/p>\n
As a rule,domesticated mammals developcoats of varied colors and floppy ears; this is sometimes called the domestication syndrome. In Russia, for instance, a decades-long experiment to tame the fox has produced animalswith droopy ears and shorter, curlier tails. Biologists proposed that a pool of cells called the neural crest, which pops up in animal embryos and turns intotissues like skin and ear cartilage, might explain why different species grow similar traits. <\/p>\n
[This 508-million-year-old sea predator had a remarkable mouth] <\/p>\n
DNA from the Scythian horses was some of thefirst empirical evidence that supports the neural crest hypothesis, Orlando sad. <\/p>\n
What's more, for the first 3,000 years of domestication, horse breeders were able to keep unhelpful mutations at bay. Modern horses have several nasty mutations, Orlando said, thatmake some animals prone to seizures or wounds that won't heal, for instance. <\/p>\n
But something happened to horses on the way from the Kazakhsteppe to Churchill Downs: Somehow,breeders swept awayhorse genetic diversity. Orlando istrying to figure out why. He offeredthree likely scenarios for when hyperselective breeding eliminated diversity from the gene pool in the quest for specialized traits.Perhaps it was the fault of the Roman Empire and itshorses. Or perhaps horse breeders in the Middle Ages were highly selective. Or maybe the rise of themodern racehorse in18th-century Britain did the horse genome in. <\/p>\n
Orlando is more interested in history than in rewinding the harmful effects of domestication, which he said would be a fruitless effort. We cannot give lessons to modern breeders, Orlando said. Its not like they have a different population to choose from. <\/p>\n
And yet the history of horses is no idle thing. It is our history, Orlando argues. I believe horses are the most important domesticated animal in history, hesaid.Without horses, the history of warfare would be different, and therefore the history of humanity. <\/p>\n
He cited cavalry, chariots and accomplished equestrians like Alexander the Great who became ancient leaders. Chickens kept us fed, and dogs kept us company. Horses, though, allowedhumans to travel faster and farther, not only spreading our descendants to other lands, but our ideas and cultures, too. <\/p>\n
Read more: <\/p>\n
In horse communication, twitchy ears may be key <\/p>\n
Could ancient horse poop solve a huge historical mystery? <\/p>\n
The surprising, adorable thing that goats and puppies have in common <\/p>\n
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Go here to read the rest: On May 6, at the 143rd Kentucky Derby, 20 thoroughbred horses will gallop along a 1.25-mile stretch. Even the slowest racer should cross the finish line in abouttwo minutes. Continue reading
\nLong-frozen DNA shows how humans made horses faster and more likely to get sick - Washington Post<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"