Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies (2014) is a book by Swedish philosopher Nick Bostrom from the University of Oxford. It argues that if machine brains surpass human brains in general intelligence, then this new superintelligence could replace humans as the dominant lifeform on Earth. Sufficiently intelligent machines could improve their own capabilities faster than human computer scientists.[1] As the fate of gorillas now depends more on humans than on the actions of gorillas themselves, so will the fate of future humanity depend on the actions of the machine superintelligence.[2] The outcome could be an existential catastrophe for humans.[3] <\/p>\n
Bostrom's book has been translated into many languages and is available as an audiobook.[4][5] <\/p>\n
It is unknown whether human-level artificial intelligence will arrive in a matter of years, later this century, or not until future centuries. Regardless of the initial timescale, once human-level machine intelligence is developed, a \"superintelligent\" system that \"greatly exceeds the cognitive performance of humans in virtually all domains of interest\" would follow surprisingly quickly, possibly even instantaneously. Such a superintelligence would be difficult to control or restrain. <\/p>\n
While the ultimate goals of superintelligences can vary greatly, a functional superintelligence will spontaneously generate, as natural subgoals, \"instrumental goals\" such as self-preservation and goal-content integrity, cognitive enhancement, and resource acquisition. For example, an agent whose sole final goal is to solve the Riemann hypothesis (a famous unsolved, mathematical conjecture) could create, and act upon, a subgoal of transforming the entire Earth into some form of computronium (hypothetical \"programmable matter\") to assist in the calculation. The superintelligence would proactively resist any outside attempts to turn the superintelligence off or otherwise prevent its subgoal completion. In order to prevent such an existential catastrophe, it might be necessary to successfully solve the \"AI control problem\" for the first superintelligence. The solution might involve instilling the superintelligence with goals that are compatible with human survival and well-being. Solving the control problem is surprisingly difficult because most goals, when translated into machine-implementable code, lead to unforeseen and undesirable consequences. <\/p>\n
The book ranked #17 on the New York Times list of best selling science books for August 2014.[6] In the same month, business magnate Elon Musk made headlines by agreeing with the book that artificial intelligence is potentially more dangerous than nuclear weapons.[7][8][9] Bostroms work on superintelligence has also influenced Bill Gatess concern for the existential risks facing humanity over the coming century.[10][11] In a March 2015 interview with Baidu's CEO, Robert Li, Gates claimed he would \"highly recommend\" Superintelligence.[12] <\/p>\n
The science editor of the Financial Times found that Bostroms writing \"sometimes veers into opaque language that betrays his background as a philosophy professor\" but convincingly demonstrates that the risk from superintelligence is large enough that society should start thinking now about ways to endow future machine intelligence with positive values.[1] A review in The Guardian pointed out that \"even the most sophisticated machines created so far are intelligent in only a limited sense\" and that \"expectations that AI would soon overtake human intelligence were first dashed in the 1960s\", but finds common ground with Bostrom in advising that \"one would be ill-advised to dismiss the possibility altogether\".[3] <\/p>\n
Some of Bostrom's colleagues suggest that nuclear war presents a greater threat to humanity than superintelligence, as does the future prospect of the weaponisation of nanotechnology and biotechnology.[13]The Economist stated that \"Bostrom is forced to spend much of the book discussing speculations built upon plausible conjecture... but the book is nonetheless valuable. The implications of introducing a second intelligent species onto Earth are far-reaching enough to deserve hard thinking, even if the prospect of actually doing so seems remote.\"[14]Ronald Bailey wrote in the libertarian Reason that Bostrom makes a strong case that solving the AI control problem is the \"essential task of our age\".[15] According to Tom Chivers of The Daily Telegraph, the book is difficult to read, but nonetheless rewarding.[16] <\/p>\n
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