The Nobel Prize for medicine is awarded to the person who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology or medicine.<\/p>\n
Alfred Nobels vision puts responsibility for deciding the winner on the Karolinska Institutet. Since 1901, there have been 112 prizes awarded and nine years where no one won with 224 laureates, 12 of whom were women.<\/p>\n
The youngest winner was Canadian Frederick G. Banting, 32, when he won in 1923 for the discovery of insulin. American Peyton Rous is the oldest winner, who was 87 when his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses was honoured.<\/p>\n
No one has yet been awarded the prize for medicine more than once and no one has received it posthumously.<\/p>\n
2021<\/p>\n
David Julius and Ardem Patapoutian for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch.<\/p>\n
2020<\/p>\n
Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton and Charles M. Rice for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus.<\/p>\n
2019<\/p>\n
William G. Kaelin Jr, Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe and Gregg L. Semenza for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability<\/p>\n
2018<\/p>\n
James P. Allison and Tasuku Honjo for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation<\/p>\n
2017<\/p>\n
Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash and Michael W. Young for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm<\/p>\n
2016<\/p>\n
Yoshinori Ohsumi for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy<\/p>\n
2015<\/p>\n
William C. Campbell and Satoshi mura for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites<\/p>\n
Tu Youyou for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria<\/p>\n
2014<\/p>\n
John OKeefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain<\/p>\n
2013<\/p>\n
James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman and Thomas C. Sdhof for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells<\/p>\n
2012<\/p>\n
Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent<\/p>\n
2011<\/p>\n
Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity<\/p>\n
Ralph M. Steinman for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity<\/p>\n
2010<\/p>\n
Robert G. Edwards for the development of in vitro fertilisation<\/p>\n
2009<\/p>\n
Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase<\/p>\n
2008<\/p>\n
Harald zur Hausen for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer<\/p>\n
Franoise Barr-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus<\/p>\n
2007<\/p>\n
Mario R. Capecchi, Sir Martin J. Evans and Oliver Smithies for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells<\/p>\n
2006<\/p>\n
Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C. Mello for their discovery of RNA interference gene silencing by double-stranded RNA<\/p>\n
2005<\/p>\n
Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease<\/p>\n
2004<\/p>\n
Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organisation of the olfactory system<\/p>\n
2003<\/p>\n
Paul C. Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging<\/p>\n
2002<\/p>\n
Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'<\/p>\n
2001<\/p>\n
Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt and Sir Paul M. Nurse for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle<\/p>\n
2000<\/p>\n
Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric R. Kandel for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system<\/p>\n
1999<\/p>\n
Gnter Blobel for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localisation in the cell<\/p>\n
1998<\/p>\n
Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system<\/p>\n
1997<\/p>\n
Stanley B. Prusiner for his discovery of Prions a new biological principle of infection<\/p>\n
1996<\/p>\n
Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zinkernagel for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence<\/p>\n
1995<\/p>\n
Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nsslein-Volhard and Eric F. Wieschaus for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development<\/p>\n
1994<\/p>\n
Alfred G. Gilman and Martin Rodbell for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells<\/p>\n
1993<\/p>\n
Richard J. Roberts and Phillip A. Sharp for their discoveries of split genes<\/p>\n
1992<\/p>\n
Edmond H. Fischer and Edwin G. Krebs for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism<\/p>\n
1991<\/p>\n
Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells<\/p>\n
1990<\/p>\n
Joseph E. Murray and E. Donnall Thomas for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease<\/p>\n
1989<\/p>\n
J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes<\/p>\n
1988<\/p>\n
Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment<\/p>\n
1987<\/p>\n
Susumu Tonegawa for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity<\/p>\n
1986<\/p>\n
Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini for their discoveries of growth factors<\/p>\n
1985<\/p>\n
Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism<\/p>\n
1984<\/p>\n
Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Khler and Csar Milstein for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies<\/p>\n
1983<\/p>\n
Barbara McClintock for her discovery of mobile genetic elements<\/p>\n
1982<\/p>\n
Sune K. Bergstrm, Bengt I. Samuelsson and John R. Vane for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances<\/p>\n
1981<\/p>\n
Roger W. Sperry for his discoveries concerning the functional specialisation of the cerebral hemispheres<\/p>\n
David H. Hubel and Torsten N. Wiesel for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system<\/p>\n
1980<\/p>\n
Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset and George D. Snell for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions<\/p>\n
1979<\/p>\n
Allan M. Cormack and Godfrey N. Hounsfield for the development of computer assisted tomography<\/p>\n
1978<\/p>\n
Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics<\/p>\n
1977<\/p>\n
Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain<\/p>\n
Rosalyn Yalow for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones<\/p>\n
1976<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
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