Med chem<\/p>\n
ISSN: 2161-0444 Med chem, an open access journal Volume 5(2): 081-089 (2015) - 85 <\/p>\n
Citation: Nikalje AP (2015) Nanotechnology and its Applications in Medicine. Med chem 5: 081-089. doi:10.4172\/2161-0444.1000247<\/p>\n
due to presence of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic environments <\/p>\n
[12]. Tissue damage by drug can be prevented with drug delivery, by <\/p>\n
regulated drug release. With drug delivery systems larger clearance <\/p>\n
of drug from body can be reduced by altering the pharmacokinetics <\/p>\n
of the drug. Potential nano drugs will work by very specic and well-<\/p>\n
understood mechanisms; one of the major impacts of nanotechnology <\/p>\n
and nanoscience will be in leading development of completely new <\/p>\n
drugs with more useful behavior and less side eects.<\/p>\n
usnano particles are promising tools for the advancement ofdrug <\/p>\n
delivery, asdiagnostic sensors andbio imaging. e bio-distribution of <\/p>\n
these nanoparticles is still imperfect due to the complex host's reactions <\/p>\n
to nano- and micro sized materials and the diculty in targeting <\/p>\n
specic organs in the body. Eorts are made to optimize and better <\/p>\n
understand the potential and limitations of nano particulate systems. <\/p>\n
In the excretory system study of mice dendrimers are encapsulated <\/p>\n
for drug deliver of positively-charged gold nano particles, which were <\/p>\n
found to enter the kidneys while negatively-charged gold nanoparticles <\/p>\n
remained in the important organs like spleen and liver. e positive <\/p>\n
surface charge of the nanoparticle decreases the rate of opsonization <\/p>\n
of nanoparticles in the liver, thus aecting the excretory pathway. Due <\/p>\n
to small size of 5nm, nano particles can get stored in the peripheral <\/p>\n
tissues, and therefore can get collected in the body over time. us <\/p>\n
nano particles can be used successfully and eciently for targeting and <\/p>\n
distribution, further research can be done on nano toxicity so that its <\/p>\n
medical uses can be increased and improved [13].<\/p>\n
e applications of nano particles in drug delivery <\/p>\n
Abraxane, is albumin bound paclitaxel, a nano particle used <\/p>\n
for treatment of breast cancer and non-small- cell lung cancer <\/p>\n
(NSCLC). Nano particles are used to deliver the drug with enhanced <\/p>\n
eectiveness for treatment for head and neck cancer, in mice model <\/p>\n
study ,which was carried out at fromRice University and University <\/p>\n
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. e reported treatment uses <\/p>\n
Cremophor ELwhich allows thehydrophobicpaclitaxel to be delivered <\/p>\n
intravenously. When the toxic Cremophor is replaced with carbon <\/p>\n
nano particles its side eects diminished and drug targeting was much <\/p>\n
improved and needs a lower dose of the toxic paclitaxel [14].<\/p>\n
Nano particle chain was used to deliverthe drug doxorubicin to <\/p>\n
breast cancer cells in a mice study at Case Western Reserve University. <\/p>\n
e scientists prepared a 100 nm long nano particle chain by chemically <\/p>\n
linking three magnetic,iron-oxidenano spheres, to one doxorubicin-<\/p>\n
loaded liposome. Aer penetration of the nano chains inside the <\/p>\n
tumor magnetic nanoparticles were made to vibrate by generating, <\/p>\n
radiofrequency eld which resulted in the rupture of the liposome, <\/p>\n
thereby dispersing the drug in its free form throughout the tumor. <\/p>\n
Tumor growth was halted more eectively by nanotechnology than the <\/p>\n
standard treatment with doxorubicin and is less harmful to healthy cells <\/p>\n
as very less doses of doxorubicin were used [15,16].<\/p>\n
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) nano particles carrying payload <\/p>\n
of antibioticsat its core were used to target bacterial infection more <\/p>\n
precisely inside the body, as reported by scientists of MIT. e nano <\/p>\n
delivery of particles, containing a sub-layer ofpH sensitive chains of <\/p>\n
theamino acidhistidine, is used to destroy bacteria that have developed <\/p>\n
resistance to antibiotics because of the targeted high dose and prolonged <\/p>\n
release of the drug. Nanotechnology can be eciently used to treat <\/p>\n
various infectious diseases [17,18]. <\/p>\n
Researchers in the Harvard UniversityWyss Institute have used <\/p>\n
the biomimeticstrategy in a mouse model .Drug coated nano particles <\/p>\n
were used to dissolve blood clots by selectively binding to the narrowed <\/p>\n
regions in the blood vessels as theplateletsdo [19]. Biodegradable nano <\/p>\n
particle aggregates were coated withtissue plasminogen activator, tPA, <\/p>\n
were injectedintravenously which bind and degrade the blood clots. <\/p>\n
Due to shear stresses in the vessel narrowing region dissociation of the <\/p>\n
aggregates occurs and releases the tPA-coated nano particles. e nano <\/p>\n
therapeutics can be applied greatly to reduce the bleeding, commonly <\/p>\n
found in standardthrombosis treatment.<\/p>\n
e researchers in the University of Kentucky have created <\/p>\n
X-shapedRNAnano particles, which can carr y four functional modules. <\/p>\n
ese chemically and thermodynamically stable RNA molecules are <\/p>\n
able of remaining intact in the mouse body for more than 8 hours and to <\/p>\n
resist degradation byRNAsin the blood stream. ese X-shaped RNA <\/p>\n
can be eectively performing therapeutic and diagnostic functions. <\/p>\n
ey regulate gene expression and cellular function, and are capable of <\/p>\n
binding to cancer cells with precision, due to its design [20,21]. <\/p>\n
Minicell nano particle are used in early phase clinical trial for <\/p>\n
drug delivery for treatment of patients with advanced and untreatable <\/p>\n
cancer. e minicells are built from the membranes of mutant bacteria <\/p>\n
and were loaded withpaclitaxeland coated withcetuximab, antibodies <\/p>\n
and used for treatment of a variety of cancers. e tumor cells engulf <\/p>\n
the minicells. Once inside the tumor, the anti-cancer drug destroys the <\/p>\n
tumor cells. e larger size of minicells plays a better prole in side-<\/p>\n
eects. e minicell drug delivery system uses lower dose of drug and <\/p>\n
has less side-eects can be used to treat a number of dierent cancers <\/p>\n
with dierent anti-cancer drugs [22,23].<\/p>\n
Nano sponges are important tools [24] in drug delivery, due to <\/p>\n
their small size and porous nature they can bind poorly-soluble drugs <\/p>\n
within their matrix and improve their bioavailability. ey can be made <\/p>\n
to carry drugs to specic sites, thus help to prevent drug and protein <\/p>\n
degradation and can prolong drug release in a controlled manner. <\/p>\n
Proteins and Peptide Delivery<\/p>\n
Protein and peptides are macromolecules and are called <\/p>\n
biopharmaceuticals. ese have been identied for treatment of <\/p>\n
various diseases and disorders as they exert multiple biological actions <\/p>\n
in human body. Nano materials like nano particles and dendrimers <\/p>\n
are called as nano biopharmaceuticals , are used for targeted and\/or <\/p>\n
controlled delivery.<\/p>\n
Applications <\/p>\n
Nano particles were found useful in delivering the myelin antigens, <\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
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