\n ScienceDaily (Jan. 26, 2012) \u2014 MIT
\n researchers have discovered that certain photosynthetic ocean
\n bacteria need to beware of viruses bearing gifts: These viruses
\n are really con artists carrying genetic material taken from
\n their previous bacterial hosts that tricks the new host into
\n using its own machinery to activate the genes, a process never
\n before documented in any virus-bacteria relationship.\n <\/p>\n
\n The con occurs when a grifter virus injects its DNA into a
\n bacterium living in a phosphorus-starved region of the ocean.
\n Such bacteria, stressed by the lack of phosphorus (which they
\n use as a nutrient), have their phosphorus-gathering machinery
\n in high gear. The virus senses the host's stress and offers
\n what seems like a helping hand: bacterial genes nearly
\n identical to the host's own that enable the host to gather more
\n phosphorus. The host uses those genes, -- but the additional
\n phosphorus goes primarily toward supporting the virus'
\n replication of its own DNA.\n <\/p>\n
\n Once that process is complete (about 10 hours after infection),
\n the virus explodes its host, releasing progeny viruses back
\n into the ocean where they can invade other bacteria and repeat
\n this process. The additional phosphorus-gathering genes
\n provided by the virus keep its reproduction cycle on schedule.\n <\/p>\n
\n In essence, the virus (or phage) is co-opting a very
\n sophisticated component of the host's regulatory machinery to
\n enhance its own reproduction -- something never before
\n documented in a virus-bacteria relationship.\n <\/p>\n
\n \"This is the first demonstration of a virus of any kind -- even
\n those heavily studied in biomedical research -- exploiting this
\n kind of regulatory machinery in a host cell, and it has evolved
\n in response to the extreme selection pressures of phosphorus
\n limitation in many parts of the global oceans,\" says Sallie
\n (Penny) W. Chisholm, a professor of civil and environmental
\n engineering (CEE) and biology at MIT, who is principal
\n investigator of the research and co-author of a paper published
\n in the Jan. 24 issue of Current Biology. \"The phage
\n have evolved the capability to sense the degree of phosphorus
\n stress in the host they're infecting and have captured, over
\n evolutionary time, some components of the bacteria's machinery
\n to overcome the limitation.\"\n <\/p>\n
\n Chisholm and co-author Qinglu Zeng, a CEE postdoc, performed
\n this research using the bacterium Prochlorococcus and its close
\n relative, Synechococcus, which together produce about a sixth
\n of the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere. Prochlorococcus is about
\n one micron in diameter and can reach densities of up to 100
\n million per liter of seawater; Synechococcus is only slightly
\n larger and a bit less abundant. The viruses that attack both
\n bacteria, called cyanophages, are even more populous.\n <\/p>\n
\n The bacterial mechanism in play is called a two-component
\n regulatory system, which refers to the microbe's ability to
\n sense and respond to external environmental conditions. This
\n system prompts the bacteria to produce extra proteins that bind
\n to phosphorus and bring it into the cell. The gene carried by
\n the virus encodes this same protein.\n <\/p>\n
\n \"Both the phage and bacterial host have the genes that produce
\n the phosphorus-binding proteins, and we found they can both be
\n up-regulated by the host's two-component regulatory system,\"
\n says Zeng. \"The positive side of infection for bacteria is that
\n they will obtain more phosphorus binders from the phage and
\n maybe more phosphorus, although the bacteria are dying and the
\n phage is actually using the phosphorus for its own ends.\"\n <\/p>\n
\n In 2010, Chisholm and Maureen Coleman, now an assistant
\n professor at the University of Chicago, demonstrated that the
\n populations of Prochlorococcus living in the Atlantic Ocean had
\n adapted to the phosphorus limitations of that environment by
\n developing more genes specifically related to the scavenging of
\n phosphorus. This proved to be the sole difference between those
\n populations and their counterparts living in the Pacific Ocean,
\n which is richer in phosphorus, indicating that the variation is
\n the result of evolutionary adaptation to the environment.\n <\/p>\n
\n The new research indicates that the phage that infect these
\n bacteria have evolved right along with their hosts.\n <\/p>\n
\n \"These viruses -- the most abundant class of viruses that
\n infect Prochlorococcus -- have acquired genes for a metabolic
\n pathway from their host cells,\" says Professor David Shub a
\n biologist at the State University of New York at Albany. \"These
\n sorts of genes are usually tightly regulated in bacteria, that
\n is they are turned into RNA and protein only when needed by the
\n cell. However, genes of these kinds in viruses tend to be used
\n in a strictly programmed manner, unresponsive to changes in the
\n environment. Now Zeng and Chisholm have shown that these
\n particular viral genes are regulated by the amount of phosphate
\n in their environment, and also that they use the regulatory
\n proteins already present in their host cells at the time of
\n infection. The significance of this paper is the revelation of
\n a very close evolutionary interrelationship between this
\n particular bacterium and the viruses that seek to destroy it.\"\n <\/p>\n
\n \"We've come to think of this whole system as another bit of
\n evidence for the incredible intimacy of the relationship of
\n phage and host,\" says Chisholm, whose next steps are to explore
\n the functions of all of the genes these marine phage have
\n acquired from host cells to learn more about the selective
\n pressures that are unique to the phage-host interactions in the
\n open oceans. \"Most of what we understand about phage and
\n bacteria has come from model microorganisms used in biomedical
\n research,\" says Chisholm. \"The environment of the human body is
\n dramatically different from that of the open oceans, and these
\n oceanic phage have much to teach us about fundamental
\n biological processes.\"\n <\/p>\n
\n This research was supported in part by the Gordon and Betty
\n Moore Foundation, the National Science Foundation's (NSF) CMORE
\n program, the NSF Biological Oceanography program and the U.S.
\n Department of Energy.\n <\/p>\n
\n Recommend this story on Facebook,
\n Twitter,
\n and Google +1:\n <\/p>\n
\n Other bookmarking and sharing tools:\n <\/p>\n
\n Story Source:\n <\/p>\n
\n The above story is reprinted from materials provided by
\n Massachusetts Institute of
\n Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental
\n Engineering. The original article was
\n written by Denise Brehm.\n <\/p>\n
\n Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For
\n further information, please contact the source cited
\n above.\n <\/p>\n
\n Journal Reference:\n <\/p>\n
Qinglu Zeng, Sallie W. Chisholm. Marine
\n Viruses Exploit Their Host's Two-Component Regulatory System in
\n Response to Resource Limitation. Current
\n Biology, 2012; DOI: 10.1016\/j.cub.2011.11.055<\/p>\n
\n Note: If no author is given, the source is cited
\n instead.\n <\/p>\n
\n Disclaimer: Views expressed in this
\n article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its
\n staff.\n <\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Follow this link: ScienceDaily (Jan. 26, 2012) \u2014 MIT researchers have discovered that certain photosynthetic ocean bacteria need to beware of viruses bearing gifts: These viruses are really con artists carrying genetic material taken from their previous bacterial hosts that tricks the new host into using its own machinery to activate the genes, a process never before documented in any virus-bacteria relationship. Continue reading
\nViruses con bacteria into working for them<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"